抹灰砂漿常見質(zhì)量問題及處理方法

　　Common quality problems and treatment methods of plastering mortar

　　01空鼓

　　01 Empty drum

　　主要原因是：①基層處理不干凈，如基層表面附著的灰塵和疏松物、脫模劑和油漬等，這些雜物不徹底清除干凈會影響抹灰層與基層的粘結(jié)。②有凹處或一次抹灰太厚等，在砂漿干燥之前砂漿層由于重力作用已與基層脫離。③界面處理不當(dāng)或未做界面處理，基面過于光滑，不能抑制砂漿的干縮導(dǎo)致砂漿層與基層脫離。抹灰前應(yīng)將基層清掃干凈，并提前2-3天開始向墻面澆水，滲水深度達(dá)10毫米后方可施工，有深凹處，應(yīng)提前補(bǔ)平砂漿。另外，應(yīng)提前噴涂好界面砂漿。02脫層

　　The main reason is: ① Poor cleaning of the base layer, such as dust and loose materials, release agents, and oil stains attached to the surface of the base layer. If these impurities are not thoroughly removed, it will affect the adhesion between the plaster layer and the base layer. ② There are concave areas or a thick plastering, and the mortar layer has already separated from the base layer due to gravity before the mortar dries. ③ Improper interface treatment or lack of interface treatment, resulting in a smooth base surface that cannot suppress the drying shrinkage of the mortar, leading to detachment between the mortar layer and the base layer. Before plastering, the base layer should be cleaned and water should be poured onto the wall 2-3 days in advance. Construction can only be carried out when the water seepage depth reaches 10 millimeters. If there are deep depressions, the mortar should be filled in advance. In addition, the interface mortar should be sprayed in advance. 02 delamination

　　主要是由于底層灰層過干。防治方法除按規(guī)范要求施工外，如發(fā)現(xiàn)底層已干，應(yīng)清水濕潤、待底層濕潤透后再抹面層。03爆灰

　　Mainly due to the bottom layer of ash being too dry. In addition to following the standard requirements for construction, if the bottom layer is found to be dry, it should be moistened with clean water and the surface layer should be applied after the bottom layer is fully wetted. 03 Explosive Ash

　　主要原因是材料質(zhì)量不好，有雜質(zhì)或泥土。施工前應(yīng)仔細(xì)檢查材料質(zhì)量，砂子要經(jīng)細(xì)篩篩分后方能使用。04裂縫

　　The main reason is poor material quality, with impurities or soil. Before construction, the quality of materials should be carefully checked, and sand should be sieved and screened before use. 04 Cracks

　　主要原因是抹灰層過厚而未采取抗裂措施或由于空鼓而產(chǎn)生的開裂，如果抹灰面很厚，施工中應(yīng)先填底層，或在底灰抹好后噴防裂劑進(jìn)行處理。

　　The main reason is that the plaster layer is too thick without taking anti cracking measures or cracking occurs due to hollowing. If the plaster surface is very thick, the bottom layer should be filled first during construction, or anti cracking agent should be sprayed after the bottom plaster is applied for treatment.

　　水泥抹灰砂漿出現(xiàn)以上情況，應(yīng)該進(jìn)行返工修復(fù)，修復(fù)時(shí)，將脫層、空鼓、爆灰及裂縫部分清除干凈，再按規(guī)范要求進(jìn)行局部的抹灰。

　　If the above situations occur in cement plastering and mortar, rework and repair should be carried out. During the repair, the delamination, hollowing, ash explosion and crack parts should be removed completely, and then local plastering should be carried out according to the specifications.

　　地面砂漿常見問題及處理方法

　　Common problems and solutions of ground mortar

　　01開裂

　　01 Cracking

　　由于溫度差異的變化（熱脹冷縮），使地面被破壞出現(xiàn)裂縫；或是由于基層非常潮濕，在砂漿凝固過程中，地面砂漿與一部分水發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)，其余的水被蒸發(fā)掉，水蒸發(fā)后砂漿體積收縮造成地面開裂。因此應(yīng)提前將基層清掃干凈，并提前2-3天開始向地面澆水，保持地面濕潤且無明水，另外地面砂漿凝結(jié)時(shí)間不宜過長。02地面起砂

　　Due to temperature differences (thermal expansion and contraction), the ground is damaged and cracks appear; Or due to the high humidity of the base layer, during the solidification process of the mortar, the ground mortar reacts chemically with a portion of the water, and the remaining water evaporates. After the water evaporates, the volume of the mortar shrinks, causing the ground to crack. Therefore, the base layer should be cleaned up in advance, and watering should be started 2-3 days in advance to keep the ground moist and free of visible water. In addition, the setting time of the ground mortar should not be too long. 02 Ground sanding

　　①砂漿泌水，導(dǎo)致砂漿中的粉煤灰等密度較小的摻合料上浮，產(chǎn)生了起砂現(xiàn)象。②砂漿配合比不合理，摻合料摻量過高，導(dǎo)致砂漿表層耐磨性差，起砂。所以在設(shè)計(jì)地面砂漿配合比時(shí)，必須結(jié)合施工環(huán)境進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，不能盲目地認(rèn)為試驗(yàn)室數(shù)據(jù)滿足標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求即可。03砂漿強(qiáng)度不夠

　　① The bleeding of mortar leads to the floating of low-density additives such as fly ash in the mortar, resulting in sanding phenomenon. ② The mortar mix ratio is unreasonable, and the amount of admixture is too high, resulting in poor wear resistance and sanding of the mortar surface. Therefore, when designing the mix proportion of ground mortar, it is necessary to consider the construction environment and not blindly assume that the laboratory data meets the standard requirements. 03 Insufficient strength of mortar

　　水灰比過大造成稠度過高，降低了地面砂漿表面的強(qiáng)度、硬度，影響地面的耐磨性能。在拌合時(shí)，應(yīng)嚴(yán)格控制地面砂漿的用水量，將稠度控制在45-55mm之間。

　　Excessive water cement ratio results in high viscosity, reducing the strength and hardness of the ground mortar surface, and affecting the wear resistance of the ground. When mixing, the water consumption of the ground mortar should be strictly controlled, and the consistency should be controlled between 45-55mm.

　　干混砂漿離析產(chǎn)生的問題及解決措施01在散裝移動筒倉中，散裝移動筒倉剛開始放料和最后放料的那部分砂漿容易離析

　　The problem and solution of segregation in dry mixed mortar 01: In bulk mobile silos, the mortar in the initial and final discharge of the bulk mobile silo is prone to segregation

　　解決措施：保持施工現(xiàn)場散裝移動筒倉中的干混砂漿量不得少于3噸，以免干混砂漿在打入散裝移動筒倉過程中，下料高度差過大，造成離析。02倉儲罐及運(yùn)輸車內(nèi)干混砂漿容易離析

　　Solution: Ensure that the amount of dry mixed mortar in the bulk mobile silo at the construction site is not less than 3 tons, in order to prevent the separation of dry mixed mortar caused by excessive height difference during the process of feeding into the bulk mobile silo. 02 Dry mixed mortar in storage tanks and transport vehicles is prone to segregation

　　解決措施：倉儲罐和運(yùn)輸車內(nèi)的干混砂漿盡量滿罐儲存，勻速、平穩(wěn)運(yùn)輸。03裝、下料速度過慢使干混砂漿容易離析

　　Solution: Dry mixed mortar in storage tanks and transport vehicles should be stored as full as possible and transported at a uniform and smooth speed. 03 Slow loading and unloading speed makes dry mixed mortar prone to segregation

　　不論是裝車、泵料、還是儲罐下料，裝、下料量要大，速度要快。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，料量小、下料速度慢比料量大、下料速度快的干混砂漿“離析”現(xiàn)象要嚴(yán)重。

　　Whether it's loading, pumping, or unloading from storage tanks, the loading and unloading volume should be large and the speed should be fast. Experiments have shown that the phenomenon of "segregation" is more severe in dry mixed mortar with smaller material quantities and slower cutting speeds than in dry mixed mortar with larger material quantities and faster cutting speeds.

　　解決措施：筒倉下料口孔徑加大，加快下料速度04散裝移動筒倉下方的攪拌機(jī)容量較小，攪拌料量少，也是造成出料速度慢和砂漿質(zhì)量差的原因

　　Solution: Increase the aperture of the silo discharge port to accelerate the discharge speed. The capacity of the mixer below the bulk moving silo is small, resulting in a small amount of mixed material, which is also the reason for slow discharge speed and poor mortar quality

　　解決措施：考慮改裝散裝移動筒倉下方的攪拌機(jī)容量或者安裝大容量攪拌機(jī)。

　　Solution: Consider modifying the capacity of the mixer below the bulk mobile silo or installing a large capacity mixer.

　　施工不規(guī)范導(dǎo)致的質(zhì)量問題及解決措施

　　Quality problems caused by non-standard construction and their solutions

　　01施工時(shí)一次性抹灰太厚，造成砂漿開裂

　　During construction, the one-time plastering was too thick, causing cracks in the mortar

　　解決措施：按規(guī)范施工操作，一次抹灰不要太厚。如外墻抹灰厚度規(guī)范要求每層每次厚度宜為5～7mm，抹灰總厚度大于35mm時(shí)，應(yīng)采取加強(qiáng)措施。02砂漿涂抹在與其強(qiáng)度等級不相宜的基體或基層上，砂漿收縮與基層不一致造成干混砂漿開裂

　　Solution: Follow the standard construction operation and do not apply too thick plaster at once. If the thickness specification for exterior wall plastering requires a thickness of 5-7mm per layer, and the total plastering thickness is greater than 35mm, reinforcement measures should be taken. 02 Mortar is applied to a substrate or base layer that is not suitable for its strength grade, and the shrinkage of the mortar is inconsistent with that of the base layer, resulting in cracking of the dry mixed mortar

　　解決措施：各種墻材分別采用適當(dāng)強(qiáng)度等級的砂漿。03不同材質(zhì)的交界處不采取措施，造成干混抹灰砂漿開裂

　　Solution: Use mortar of appropriate strength grade for various wall materials. 03 Failure to take measures at the junction of different materials resulted in cracking of dry mixed plastering mortar

　　解決措施：不同材質(zhì)交界處應(yīng)采取加強(qiáng)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行處理。04砌體不灑水或?yàn)⑺^多造成干混抹面砂漿產(chǎn)生裂紋、裂縫

　　Solution: The junction of different materials should be treated with reinforced mesh. 04 Failure to sprinkle water on masonry or excessive watering can cause cracks and fissures in the dry mix plaster mortar

　　解決措施：按規(guī)范施工操作，如對于燒結(jié)磚、蒸壓粉煤灰磚抹灰前澆水潤濕。05蒸壓磚等砌體未達(dá)到規(guī)定齡期即進(jìn)行砌筑、抹灰施工，造成干混抹面砂漿開裂

　　Solution: Follow the standard construction operation, such as watering and wetting sintered bricks and autoclaved fly ash bricks before plastering. 05 Steam pressed bricks and other masonry structures were constructed and plastered before reaching the specified age, resulting in cracking of the dry mixed plastering mortar

　　解決措施：各種塊體材料需達(dá)到規(guī)定齡期，待其體積穩(wěn)定后方可使用，如蒸壓磚使用前齡期不宜小于28天。06干混抹灰砂漿及干混地面砂漿凝結(jié)后沒有及時(shí)保濕養(yǎng)護(hù)，造成砂漿干縮開裂

　　Solution: All block materials must reach the specified age and wait for their volume to stabilize before use. For example, the age of steam pressed bricks should not be less than 28 days before use. 06 Dry mixed plastering mortar and dry mixed floor mortar failed to moisturize and cure in a timely manner after setting, resulting in mortar shrinkage and cracking

　　解決措施：砂漿凝結(jié)后及時(shí)保濕養(yǎng)護(hù)。07施工現(xiàn)場摻入其它材料，如砂漿王、砂、石灰等，導(dǎo)致砂漿強(qiáng)度降低，甚至剝落及開裂

　　Solution: Timely moisturize and maintain the mortar after setting. Adding other materials such as mortar king, sand, lime, etc. to the construction site can lead to a decrease in mortar strength, even peeling and cracking

　　解決措施：施工現(xiàn)場未經(jīng)砂漿生產(chǎn)廠允許禁止往砂漿中摻入其它材料。

　　Solution: It is prohibited to add other materials to the mortar without the permission of the mortar production plant on the construction site.

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